PCP is well known for its primary action on ionotropic glutamate receptors, such as the NMDA receptor in rats and in rat brain homogenate.^[6][7] As such, PCP is an NMDA receptor antagonist. NMDA receptors mediate excitation,^[8] however, studies have shown that PCP unexpectedly produces substantial cortical activation in humans^[9] and rodents.^[10]

Research also indicates that PCP inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors. Analogues of PCP exhibit varying potency at nACh receptors and NMDA receptors.^[11] In some brain regions, these effects are believed to act synergistically by inhibiting excitatory activity.

PCP, like ketamine, also acts as a D₂ receptor partial agonist in rat brain homogenate.^[7] This activity may be associated with some of the more psychotic features of PCP intoxication, which is evidenced by the successful use of D2 receptor antagonists (such as haloperidol) in the treatment of PCP psychosis.^[12]

The relative immunity to pain is likely produced by indirect interaction with the endogenous endorphin and enkephalin system, as has been suggested by studies involving rats.^[13]

^{NOTE FROM DEE:  People who take PCP have been known to fight off 10 people without feeling any pain, and they are stronger throughout the event than normal.}

PCP may also work as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.^[14]

Pharmacokinetics

PCP is metabolized into PCHP, PPC and PCAA.

When smoked, some of it is broken down by heat into 1-phenyl-1-cyclohexene (PC) and piperidine.

 Structural analogues

More than 30 different analogues of PCP were reported as being used on the street during the 1970s and 1980s, mainly in the USA. The best known of these are PCPy (rolicyclidine, 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine); PCE (eticyclidine, N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine); and TCP (tenocyclidine, 1-(1-(2-Thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine). These compounds were never widely-used and did not seem to be as well-accepted by users as PCP itself, however they were all added onto Schedule I of the Controlled Substance Act because of their putative similar effects.^[15]

The generalized structural motif required for PCP-like activity is derived from structure-activity relationship studies of PCP analogues, and summarized below. All of these analogues would have somewhat similar effects to PCP itself, although, with a range of potencies and varying mixtures of anesthetic, dissociative and stimulant effects depending on the particular substituents used. In some countries such as the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, all of these compounds would be considered controlled substance analogues of PCP, and are hence illegal drugs, even though many of them have never been made or tested.^[16][17]

Brain effects

Some studies found that, like other NMDA receptor antagonists, phencyclidine can cause a certain kind of brain damage called Olney's lesions in rats.^[18][19] Studies conducted on rats showed that high doses of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 caused reversible vacuoles to form in certain regions of the rats' brains. All studies of Olney's lesions have only been performed on animals and may not apply to humans. According to recent research, Olney's lesions only appear in the brains of rodents. This is due to the fact that they lack a major metabolic enzyme that is essential to breaking down NMDA receptor antagonists in the brain. This enzyme is found in humans and makes humans essentially immune to Olney's lesions as has been shown with ketamine.^[20][21]

Phencyclidine has also been shown to cause schizophrenia-like changes in N-acetylaspartate and N-acetylaspartylglutamate in the rat brain, which are detectable both in living rats and upon necropsy examination of brain tissue.^[22] It also induces symptoms in humans that mimic schizophrenia.^[23]

The full extent of the pharmacology of this compound in the human CNS is not fully understood; it binds to many different receptor sites. The primary interactions are as a non-competitive antagonist at the 3A-subunit [epsilon subunit] of the NMDA receptor.  Phencyclidine is known to bind, with relatively high affinity, to the D1 subunit of the human DAT (Dopamine Transporter),  in addition to displaying a positive antagonistic effect at the α7-subunit of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nACh) It also binds to the mu-opioid receptor, which seems to be a central part of the mechanism of action of drugs in this class.  (For example, Dizocilpine [MK-801] shows little appreciable analgesic effect despite having a high specificity for the NMDA-3A and NMDA-3B subunits – this may well be mediated by the lack of related efficacy at the mu-opioid receptor, though the NMDAR may play a role in transmission of pain signals).

History and medicinal use

PCP was first synthesized in 1926 and later tested after World War II as a surgical anesthetic. Because of its adverse side effects, such as hallucinations, mania, delirium, and disorientation, it was shelved until the 1950s. In 1953, it was patented by Parke-Davis and named Sernyl (referring to serenity),^[24] but was only used in humans for a few years because of side-effects. In 1967, it was given the trade name Sernylan and marketed as a veterinary anesthetic, but was again discontinued. Its side effects and long half-life in the human body made it unsuitable for medical applications.

Recreational uses

PCP began to emerge as a recreational drug in major cities in the United States in 1967.^[25] In 1978, People magazine and Mike Wallace of 60 Minutes called PCP the country's "number one" drug problem. Although recreational use of the drug had always been relatively low, it began declining significantly in the 1980s. In surveys, the number of high school students admitting to trying PCP at least once fell from 13% in 1979 to less than 3% in 1990.^[26]

PCP comes in both powder and liquid forms (PCP base is dissolved most often in ether), but typically it is sprayed onto leafy material such as cannabis, mint, oregano, parsley, or ginger leaves, then smoked.

PCP is a Schedule II substance in the United States, a Schedule I drug by the Controlled Drugs and Substances act in Canada, a List I drug of the Opium Law in the Netherlands and a Class A substance in the United Kingdom.

Methods of administration

In its pure (free base) form, PCP is a yellow oil (usually dissolved in petroleum, diethyl ether, or tetrahydrofuran). Upon treatment with hydrogen chloride gas, or isopropyl alcohol saturated with hydrochloric acid, this oil precipitates into white-tan crystals or powder (PCP hydrochloride). In this, the salt form, PCP can be insufflated, depending upon the purity. However, most PCP on the illicit market often contains a number of contaminants as a result of makeshift manufacturing, causing the color to range from tan to brown, and the consistency to range from powder to a gummy mass. These contaminants can range from unreacted piperidine and other precursors, to carcinogens like benzene and cyanide-like compounds such as PCC (piperidinocyclohexyl carbonitrile).

The term "embalming fluid" is often used to refer to the liquid PCP in which a cigarette is dipped, to be ingested through smoking, commonly known as "boat" or "water." The name most likely originated from the somatic "numbing" effect and feelings of dissociation induced by PCP, and has led to the widespread and mistaken belief that the liquid is made up of or contains real embalming fluid. Occasionally, however, some users and dealers could have, believing this myth, used real embalming fluid mixed with, or in place of, PCP.^[27][28] Smoking PCP is known as "getting wet", and a cigarette or joint which has been dipped in PCP may be referred to on the street as a "fry stick," "sherm," "leak," "amp," "lovely," "KJ (an abbreviation for 'Killer Joint')," "toe tag", "dipper", "happy stick," or "wet stick." "Getting wet" may have once been a popular method of using PCP, especially in the western United States where it may have been sold for about $10 to $25 per cigarette.

Effects

Behavioral effects can vary by dosage. Low doses produce a numbness in the extremities and intoxication, characterized by staggering, unsteady gait, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, and loss of balance. Moderate doses (5–10 mg intranasal, or 0.01–0.02 mg/kg intramuscular or intravenous) will produce analgesia and anesthesia. High doses may lead to convulsions.^[29] Users frequently do not know how much of the drug they are taking due to the tendency of the drug to be made illegally in uncontrolled conditions.^[30]

Psychological effects include severe changes in body image, loss of ego boundaries, paranoia and depersonalization. Hallucinations, euphoria, suicidal impulses and aggressive behavior are reported.^[29][31] The drug has been known to alter mood states in an unpredictable fashion, causing some individuals to become detached, and others to become animated. Intoxicated individuals may act in an unpredictable fashion, possibly driven by their delusions and hallucinations. PCP may induce feelings of strength, power, and invulnerability as well as a numbing effect on the mind.^[5] Occasionally, this leads to bizarre acts of violence, such as in the case of Big Lurch, a former rapper who claimed his room mate was the devil and ate part of her lung. ^[32] However, studies by the Drug Abuse Warning Network in the 1970s show that media reports of PCP-induced violence are greatly exaggerated and that incidents of violence were unusual and often (but not always) limited to individuals with reputations for aggression regardless of drug use.^[33] The reports in question often dealt with a supposed increase in strength imparted by the drug; this could partially be explained by the anaesthetic effects of the drug. The most commonly-cited types of incidents included self-mutilation of various types, breaking handcuffs (a feat reportedly requiring about 10,000 lbs of force to break a stainless steel chain of typical diameter), inflicting remarkable property damage, and pulling one's own teeth.^[33][34][32]

Included in the portfolio of behavioral disturbances are acts of self-injury including suicide, and attacks on others or destruction of property. The analgesic properties of the drug can cause users to feel less pain, and persist in violent or injurious acts as a result. Recreational doses of the drug can also induce a psychotic state that resembles schizophrenic episodes which can last for months at a time with toxic doses.^[35] Users generally report they feel detached from reality, or that one's consciousness seems somewhat disconnected from reality.^[36]

Symptoms are summarized by the mnemonic device RED DANES: rage, erythema (redness of skin), dilated pupils, delusions, amnesia, nystagmus (oscillation of the eyeball when moving laterally), excitation, and skin dryness.^[37]

 Management of intoxication

Management of phencyclidine intoxication mostly consists of supportive care — controlling breathing, circulation, and body temperature — and, in the early stages, treating psychiatric symptoms.^[38][39][40] Benzodiazepines, such as lorazepam, are the drugs of choice to control agitation and seizures (when present). Typical antipsychotics such as phenothiazines and haloperidol have been used to control psychotic symptoms, but may produce many undesirable side effects — such as dystonia — and their use is therefore no longer preferred; phenothiazines are particularly risky, as they may lower the seizure threshold, worsen hyperthermia, and boost the anticholinergic effects of PCP.^[38][39] If an antipsychotic is given, intramuscular haloperidol has been recommended.^[40][41][42]

Forced acid diuresis (with ammonium chloride or, more safely, ascorbic acid) may increase clearance of PCP from the body, and was somewhat controversially recommended in the past as a decontamination measure.^[38][39][40] However, it is now known that only around 10% of a dose of PCP is removed by the kidneys, which would make increased urinary clearance of little consequence; furthermore, urinary acidification is dangerous, as it may induce acidosis and worsen rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown), which is not an unusual manifestation of PCP toxicity.^[38][39]

 See also

• Arylcyclohexylamine
• Ketamine - Related drug

References

Notes

• Inciardi, James A. (1992). The War on Drugs II. Mayfield Publishing Company. ISBN 1-55934-016-9.

 External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Phencyclidine

• Erowid.org – PCP Information
• National Institute of Drug Abuse InfoFacts: PCP (Phencyclidine)
• Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets on Phencyclidine
• A site with information on PCP, Partnership for a Drug-Free America
• Phencyclidine and Ketamine: A View From the Street-1981 article on the use and effects of PCP
• ChemSub Online: Phencyclidine

v t e Recreational drug use Major recreational drugs Opioids Buprenorphine (Subutex · Suboxone) Codeine Dextropropoxyphene (Darvon · Darvocet) Diamorphine (heroin) \ Morphine (Opium) Hydrocodone Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) Methadone Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) Oxycodone Depressants Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Ethanol (Alcoholic beverages) GHB Kava Nonbenzodiazepines Stimulants Amphetamine Arecoline (Areca) Betel Caffeine (Coffee Tea) Cathinone (Khat) Cocaine (Coca) Ephedrine (Ephedra) Mephedrone Methamphetamine Methylphenidate Nicotine (Tobacco) Theobromine (Cocoa) Entactogens MDA MDMA (Ecstasy) Hallucinogens Psychedelics Bufotenin Psychoactive toads Vilca Yopo DMT (Ayahuasca) LSA LSD-25 Mescaline Peruvian Torch Peyote San Pedro Psilocybin \ Psilocin (Psilocybin mushrooms) Dissociatives DXM Inhalants Nitrous oxide alkyl nitrites – poppers, such as amyl nitrite Ketamine MXE Muscimol (Amanita muscaria) PCP Salvinorin A (Salvia divinorum) Deliriants Atropine and Scopolamine Datura Deadly Nightshade Henbane Mandrake Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Cannabinoids JWH-018 THC (Cannabis Hashish Hash oil) Oneirogens Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis Drug culture Cannabis/Marijuana 420 Cannabis cultivation Cannabis smoking Legal history of cannabis in the United States Legality of cannabis Marijuana Policy Project Medical cannabis NORML Religious and spiritual use of cannabis Stoner film Psychedelic Art Drug Experience Literature Music Other Club drug Counterculture of the 1960s Dance party Drug paraphernalia Drug tourism Entheogen Hippie Party and play Poly drug use Rave Self-medication Sex and drugs Drug production and trade Drug production Drug precursors Opium production in Afghanistan Coca production in Colombia Rolling meth lab Drug trade Illegal drug trade in Colombia Problems with drug use Abuse Dependence Prevention Opioid replacement therapy Rehabilitation Responsible use Drug-related crime Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Illegal drug trade Long-term effects of cannabis Neurotoxicity Overdose Date rape drug Passive smoking (of tobacco or other substances) Legality of drug use International 1961 Narcotic Drugs 1971 Psychotropic Substances 1988 Drug Trafficking Cannabis reform at the international level Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs State level Drug policy Decriminalization Prohibition Supply reduction Policy reform Demand reduction Drug Policy Alliance Harm reduction Law Enforcement Against Prohibition Liberalization Students for Sensible Drug Policy Transform Drug Policy Foundation Drug policy by country Australia Canada Germany India Netherlands Portugal Sweden Switzerland Soviet Union United States Just Say No Office of National Drug Control Policy School district drug policies California Colorado Maryland Virginia Other Arguments for and against drug prohibition Capital punishment for drug trafficking Designer drug Drug court Drug possession Drug test Hard and soft drugs Mexican Drug War Narc Politics of drug abuse War on Drugs Zero tolerance Lists of countries by... Alcohol consumption Cannabis legality Annual use Lifetime use Cigarette consumption Cocaine use Opiates use

v t e Analgesics (N02A, N02B) Opioids See also: Opioids template Opium & alkaloids thereof Codeine# Morphine# Opium Laudanum Paregoric Semi-synthetic opium derivatives Acetyldihydrocodeine Benzylmorphine Buprenorphine Desomorphine Dihydrocodeine Dihydromorphine Ethylmorphine Diamorphine Hydrocodone Hydromorphinol Hydromorphone Nicocodeine Nicodicodeine Nicomorphine Oxycodone Oxymorphone Synthetic opioids Alphaprodine Anileridine Butorphanol Dextromoramide Dextropropoxyphene Dezocine Fentanyl Ketobemidone Levorphanol Methadone Meptazinol Nalbuphine Pentazocine Propoxyphene Propiram Pethidine Phenazocine Piminodine Piritramide Tapentadol Tilidine Tramadol Pyrazolones Ampyrone/Aminophenazone Metamizole Phenazone Propyphenazone Cannabinoids Ajulemic acid AM404 Cannabidiol Cannabis Nabilone Nabiximols Tetrahydrocannabinol Anilides Paracetamol (acetaminophen)# Phenacetin Propacetamol Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories See also: NSAIDs template Propionic acid class Fenoprofen Flurbiprofen Ibuprofen# Ketoprofen Naproxen Oxaprozin Oxicam class Meloxicam Piroxicam Acetic acid class Diclofenac Indometacin Ketorolac Nabumetone Sulindac Tolmetin COX-2 inhibitors Celecoxib Rofecoxib Valdecoxib Parecoxib Lumiracoxib Anthranilic acid (fenamate) class Meclofenamate Mefenamic acid Salicylates Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)# Benorylate Diflunisal Ethenzamide Magnesium salicylate Salicin Salicylamide Salsalate Trisalate Wintergreen (Methyl salicylate) Atypical, adjuvant and potentiators, metabolic agents and miscellaneous Amitryptiline Befiradol Bicifadine Carisoprodol Camphor Cimetidine Clonidine Chlorzoxazone Cyclobenzaprine Duloxetine Esreboxetine Flupirtine Gabapentin Glafenine Hydroxyzine Ketamine Menthol Mephenoxalone Methocarbamol Methoxyflurane Nefopam Orphenadrine Pregabalin Proglumide Scopolamine Tebanicline Trazodone Gabapentin enacarbil Ziconotide #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III M: CNS anat(n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp noco(m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)

v t e Depressants Antihistamines H1R inverse agonists First-generation Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Hydroxyzine Promethazine ... Others Amitriptyline Doxepin Mianserin Mirtazapine ... Antipsychotics Mixed MOA Typicals Chlorpromazine Haloperidol ... Atypicals Aripiprazole Clozapine Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone Ziprasidone ... Channel blockers Carbamazepine Ethosuximide Gabapentin Lamotrigine Oxcarbazepine Phenytoin Pregabalin Topiramate Zonisamide Dissociatives NMDAR antagonists Arylcyclohexylamines 3-MeO-PCP Dieticyclidine Esketamine Eticyclidine Gacyclidine Ketamine PCPr Phencyclidine Rolicyclidine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Morphinans Dextromethorphan / Methorphan Dextrorphan / Morphanol Others Dexoxadrol Dizocilpine (MK-801) Etoxadrol Nitrous oxide Selfotel Xenon ... GABAergics Barbiturates Amobarbital Pentobarbital Phenobarbital Secobarbital ... Benzodiazepines Alprazolam Chlordiazepoxide Clonazepam Diazepam Lorazepam ... Carbamates Carisoprodol Felbamate Meprobamate ... GABA analogues 1,4-BD Aceburic acid GABA Gabaculine GABOB GBL GHB GHV GVL Isovaleramide Isovaleric acid Phenibut Picamilon Tiagabine Valerenic acid (Valerian) Valeric acid Valnoctamide Valproic acid (Sodium valproate / Valproate semisodium) Valpromide Vigabatrin Neuroactive steroids Alfaxalone Allopregnanolone Ganaxolone Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone ... Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone ... Piperidinediones Glutethimide ... Propylphenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Quinazolinones Methaqualone ... Others Baclofen Clomethiazole Diethyl ether Ethanol (Alcohol) Etomidate Gaboxadol Kavalactones (Kava Kava) Muscimol Stiripentol Theanine Glycinergics Alanine Cycloserine Dimethylglycine Glycine Hypotaurine Methylglycine / Sarcosine Serine Taurine Trimethylglycine / Betaine Narcotics MOR agonists Opiates Morphine Opium → Codeine Oripavine Thebaine Opioids Alfentanil Buprenorphine Butorphanol Carfentanil Diacetylmorphine (Heroin) Dihydrocodeine Ethylmorphine Etorphine Fentanyl Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Ketobemidone Levacetylmethadol Levorphanol Meperidine / Pethidine Methadone Nalbuphine Oxycodone Oxymorphone Pentazocine Phenazocine Propoxyphene Remifentanil Sufentanil Tapentadol Tramadol Sympatholytics α/β-AR modulators Alpha blockers Doxazosin Phentolamine Prazosin Tamsulosin Urapidil ... Beta blockers Propranolol ... Others Clonidine ... Miscellaneous Chloroform Cyclobenzaprine Trazodone ...

v t e Hallucinogens Psychedelics 5-HT2AR agonists Lysergamides: AL-LAD ALD-52 BU-LAD CYP-LAD DAM-57 Diallyllysergamide Ergometrine ETH-LAD LAE-32 LSA LSD LSH LPD-824 LSM-775 Lysergic acid 2-butyl amide Lysergic acid 2,4-dimethylazetidide Lysergic acid 3-pentyl amide Methylergometrine Methylisopropyllysergamide Methysergide MLD-41 PARGY-LAD PRO-LAD Phenethylamines: Aleph 2C-B 2C-B-Dragonfly 2C-B-FLY 2C-C-FLY 2C-D-FLY 2C-E-FLY 2C-I-FLY 2CBFly-NBOMe 2C-T-7-FLY 2C-C 2C-C-NBOMe 2C-CN-NBOMe 2C-D 2CD-5EtO 2C-D-NBOMe 2C-E 2C-EF 2C-E-NBOMe 2C-F 2C-F-NBOMe 2C-G 2C-G-NBOMe 2C-H-NBOMe 2C-I 2C-N 2C-N-NBOMe 2C-O 2C-O-4 2C-P 2C-T 2C-T-2 2C-T-4 2C-T-4-NBOMe 2C-T-7 2C-T-7-NBOH 2C-T-8 2C-T-9 2C-T-13 2C-T-15 2C-T-17 2C-T-21 2C-TFM 2C-TFM-NBOMe 2C-YN 2CBCB-NBOMe 25B-NBOMe 25I-NBMD 25I-NBOH 25I-NBOMe 3C-AL 3C-E 3C-P 5-APB 5-APDB 6-APB 6-APDB Br-DFLY DESOXY DMMDA DMMDA-2 DOB DOB-FLY DOM-FLY DOC DOEF DOET DOF DOI DOM DON DOPR DOTFM Escaline Ganesha HOT-2 HOT-7 HOT-17 IAP Isoproscaline Jimscaline Lophophine MDA MDEA MDMA MMA MMDA MMDA-2 MMDA-3a MMDMA Macromerine Mescaline Methallylescaline NBOMe-mescaline Proscaline TCB-2 TFMFly TMA Piperazines: pFPP TMFPP Tryptamines: 1-Methyl-5-methoxy-diisopropyltryptamine 2,N,N-TMT 4,N,N-TMT 4-HO-5-MeO-DMT 4-Acetoxy-DET 4-Acetoxy-DIPT 4-Acetoxy-DMT 4-Acetoxy-DPT 4-Acetoxy-MiPT 4-HO-DPT 4-HO-MET 4-Propionyloxy-DMT 4-HO-MPMI 5-Me-MIPT 5-N,N-TMT 5-AcO-DMT 5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-4,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-α-ET 5-MeO-α-MT 5-MeO-DALT 5-MeO-DET 5-MeO-DIPT 5-MeO-DMT 5-MeO-DPT 5-MeO-EiPT 5-MeO-MET 5-MeO-MIPT 5-MeO-MPMI 7,N,N-TMT α,N,N-TMT α-ET α-MT AL-37350A Baeocystin Bufotenin DALT DBT DCPT DET DIPT DMT DPT EiPT Ethocin Ethocybin Iprocin MET Miprocin MIPT Norbaeocystin PiPT Psilocin Psilocybin Others: AL-38022A Elemicin Ibogaine Myristicin Noribogaine Voacangine Dissociatives NMDAR antagonists Adamantanes: Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine Arylcyclohexylamines: 3-MeO-PCP 4-MeO-PCP Dieticyclidine Esketamine Eticyclidine Gacyclidine Ketamine Methoxetamine Methoxyketamine Neramexane Phencyclidine PCPr Rolicyclidine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Morphinans: Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan Others: 2-MDP 8A-PDHQ Aptiganel Dexoxadrol Dizocilpine Etoxadrol Ibogaine Midafotel NEFA Nitrous oxide Noribogaine Perzinfotel Remacemide Selfotel Xenon Deliriants mAChR antagonists 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate Atropine BRN-1484501 Benactyzine Benzatropine Benzydamine Biperiden Brompheniramine CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 Chlorpheniramine Chloropyramine Clemastine CS-27349 Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dicyclomine Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Ditran Doxylamine EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Flavoxate Hydroxyzine Hyoscyamine Meclizine N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate Pyrilamine Orphenadrine Oxybutynin Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Procyclidine Promethazine Scopolamine Tolterodine Trihexyphenidyl Tripelennamine Triprolidine WIN-2299 Miscellaneous Cannabinoids CB1R agonists Cannabinol CP-47,497 CP-55,244 CP-55,940 DMHP HU-210 JWH-018 JWH-030 JWH-073 JWH-081 JWH-200 JWH-250 Nabilone Nabitan Nantradol Parahexyl THC (Dronabinol) WIN-55,212-2 D2R agonists Apomorphine Bromocriptine Cabergoline Lisuride Memantine Pergolide Piribedil Pramipexole Ropinirole Rotigotine * Also indirect D2 agonists such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors (cocaine, methylphenidate), releasing agents (amphetamine, methamphetamine), and precursors (levodopa). GABAAR agonists Eszopiclone Gaboxadol Ibotenic acid Muscimol Zolpidem Zopiclone Inhalants Mixed MOA Aliphatic hydrocarbons Butane Propane Gasoline Kerosene Aromatic hydrocarbons Toluene Ethers Diethyl ether Enflurane Haloalkanes Chloroform Chlorofluorocarbons κOR agonists 2-EMSB 2-MMSB Alazocine Bremazocine Butorphanol Cyclazocine Cyprenorphine Dextrallorphan Dezocine Enadoline Herkinorin HZ-2 Ibogaine Ketazocine LPK-26 Metazocine Nalbuphine Nalorphine Noribogaine Pentazocine Phenazocine Salvinorin A Spiradoline Tifluadom U-50,488 U-69,593 σR agonists Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Noscapine Others Efavirenz Glaucine Isoaminile

[show] v t e Stimulants (N06B) Adamantanes Adaphenoxate Adapromine Amantadine Bromantane Chlodantane Gludantane Memantine Midantane Adenosine antagonists 8-Chlorotheophylline 8-Cyclopentyltheophylline 8-Phenyltheophylline Aminophylline Caffeine CGS-15943 Dimethazan Paraxanthine SCH-58261 Theobromine Theophylline Alkylamines Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Heptaminol Isometheptene Methylhexaneamine Octodrine Propylhexedrine Tuaminoheptane Arylcyclohexylamines Benocyclidine Dieticyclidine Esketamine Eticyclidine Gacyclidine Ketamine Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Rolicyclidine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Benzazepines 6-Br-APB SKF-77434 SKF-81297 SKF-82958 Cholinergics A-84,543 A-366,833 ABT-202 ABT-418 AR-R17779 Altinicline Anabasine Arecoline Cotinine Cytisine Dianicline Epibatidine Epiboxidine GTS-21 Ispronicline Nicotine PHA-543,613 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Rivanicline Sazetidine A SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 TC-1698 TC-1827 TC-2216 TC-5619 Tebanicline UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538 Convulsants Anatoxin-a Bicuculline DMCM Flurothyl Gabazine Pentetrazol Picrotoxin Strychnine Thujone Eugeroics Adrafinil Armodafinil CRL-40941 Modafinil Oxazolines 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone Phenethylamines 1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane 1-Phenyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)pentan-3-one 1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane 2-Fluoroamphetamine 2-Fluoromethamphetamine 2-OH-PEA 2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane 2-Phenyl-3-methylaminobutane 2,3-MDA 3-Fluoroamphetamine 3-Fluoroethamphetamine 3-Fluoromethcathinone 3-Methoxyamphetamine 3-Methylamphetamine 3,4-DMMC 4-BMC 4-Ethylamphetamine 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA 4-MTA 6-FNE AL-1095 Alfetamine a-Ethylphenethylamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amidephrine 2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene 2-Aminoindane 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole 2-Aminotetralin Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil Arbutamine ß-Methylphenethylamine ß-Phenylmethamphetamine Benfluorex Benzedrone Benzphetamine BDB BOH 3-Benzhydrylmorpholine BPAP Buphedrone Bupropion Butylone Camfetamine Cathine Cathinone Chlorphentermine Cilobamine Cinnamedrine Clenbuterol Clobenzorex Cloforex Clortermine Cypenamine D-Deprenyl Denopamine Dimethoxyamphetamine Dimethylamphetamine Dimethylcathinone Dobutamine DOPA (Dextrodopa, Levodopa) Dopamine Dopexamine Droxidopa EBDB Ephedrine Epinephrine Epinine Etafedrine Ethcathinone Ethylamphetamine Ethylnorepinephrine Ethylone Etilefrine Famprofazone Fenbutrazate Fencamfamine Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine) Fenmetramide Fenproporex Feprosidnine Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex G-130 Gepefrine Hexapradol HMMA Hordenine Hydroxyamphetamine 5-Iodo-2-aminoindane Ibopamine IMP Indanylamphetamine Iofetamine Isoetarine Isoethcathinone Isoprenaline L-Deprenyl (Selegiline) Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine Manifaxine MBDB MDA MDBU MDEA MDMA MDMPEA MDOH MDPR MDPEA Mefenorex Mephedrone Mephentermine Metanephrine Metaraminol Mesocarb Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) Methoxamine Methoxyphenamine MMA Methcathinone Methedrone Methoxyphenamine Methylone MMDA MMDMA MMMA Morazone N-Benzyl-1-phenethylamine N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine Naphthylamphetamine Nisoxetine Norepinephrine Norfenefrine Norfenfluramine Normetanephrine L-Norpseudoephedrine Octopamine Orciprenaline Ortetamine Oxilofrine PBA PCA PHA Pargyline Pentorex Pentylone Phenatine Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Phenpromethamine Phentermine Phenylalanine 2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine PIA PMA PMEA PMMA PPAP Phthalimidopropiophenone Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Pseudophenmetrazine Radafaxine Ropinirole Salbutamol (Levosalbutamol) Sibutramine Synephrine Theodrenaline Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Tyramine Tyrosine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine Piperazines 2C-B-BZP BZP CM156 DBL-583 GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 GBR-13119 MeOPP MBZP Vanoxerine Piperidines 1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine 1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1-(piperidin-2-yl)butane 2-Benzylpiperidine 2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate 4-Benzylpiperidine 4-Methylmethylphenidate Desoxypipradrol Difemetorex Diphenylpyraline Ethylphenidate Methylnaphthidate Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate) N-Methyl-3ß-propyl-4ß-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidine Nocaine Phacetoperane Pipradrol SCH-5472 Pyrrolidines 2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine a-PPP a-PBP a-PVP Diphenylprolinol MDPPP MDPBP MDPV MPBP MPHP MPPP MOPPP Naphyrone PEP Prolintane Pyrovalerone Tropanes 3-CPMT 3'-Chloro-3a-(diphenylmethoxy)tropane 3-Pseudotropyl-4-fluorobenzoate 4'-Fluorococaine AHN-1055 Altropane (IACFT) Brasofensine CFT (WIN 35,428) ß-CIT (RTI-55) Cocaethylene Cocaine Dichloropane (RTI-111) Difluoropine FE-ß-CPPIT FP-ß-CPPIT Ioflupane (123I) Norcocaine PIT PTT RTI-31 RTI-32 RTI-51 RTI-105 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-117 RTI-120 RTI-121 (IPCIT) RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-154 RTI-171 RTI-177 RTI-183 RTI-193 RTI-194 RTI-199 RTI-202 RTI-204 RTI-229 RTI-241 RTI-336 RTI-354 RTI-371 RTI-386 Salicylmethylecgonine Tesofensine Troparil (ß-CPT, WIN 35,065-2) Tropoxane WF-23 WF-33 WF-60 Others 1-(Thiophen-2-yl)-2-aminopropane 2-MDP 2-Phenylcyclohexylamine 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amfonelic acid Amineptine Amiphenazole Atipamezole Atomoxetine Bemegride Benzydamine BTQ BTS 74,398 Carphedon Ciclazindol Clofenciclan Cropropamide Crotetamide D-161 Diclofensine Dimethocaine Efaroxan Etamivan EXP-561 Fenpentadiol Gamfexine Gilutensin GSK1360707F GYKI-52895 Hexacyclonate Idazoxan Indanorex Indatraline JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Lazabemide Leptacline Levopropylhexedrine Lomevactone LR-5182 Mazindol Meclofenoxate Medifoxamine Mefexamide Methastyridone Methiopropamine N-Methyl-3-phenylnorbornan-2-amine Nefopam Nikethamide Nomifensine O-2172 Oxaprotiline PNU-99,194 Propylhexedrine PRC200-SS Rasagiline Rauwolscine Rubidium chloride Setazindol Tametraline Tandamine Trazium UH-232 Yohimbine See also Sympathomimetic amines

v t e Anesthetic: General anesthetics (N01A) Inhalation Ethers Diethyl ether • Methoxypropane • Vinyl ether • halogenated ethers (Desflurane • Enflurane • Isoflurane • Methoxyflurane • Sevoflurane) Haloalkanes Chloroform • Halothane# • Trichloroethylene Others Cyclopropane • Ethylene • Nitrous oxide# • Xenon Injection Barbiturates Hexobarbital • Methohexital • Narcobarbital • Thiopental# • Thiotetrabarbital Opioids Alfentanil • Anileridine • Fentanyl • Phenoperidine • Remifentanil • Sufentanil Neuroactive steroids Alfaxalone • Minaxolone Others Droperidol • Etomidate • Fospropofol • gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid • Ketamine# /Esketamine • Midazolam • Propanidid • Propofol #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III M: CNS anat(n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp noco(m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)

[show] v t e Neurotoxins Animal Batrachotoxin Bestoxin Birtoxin Bungarotoxin Charybdotoxin Conotoxin Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin Bacterial Botulinum toxin Tetanospasmin Fungal Bicuculline Plant Penitrem A Picrotoxin Pesticides Rotenone Nerve agents Cyclosarin EA-3148 Novichok agent Sarin Soman Tabun VE VG VM VR VX Neurotransmitters and precursors Dopamine Glutamate L-Tyrosine L-Phenylalanine L-DOPA (Levodopa) L-Glutamine Neurotoxic drugs 1,4-BD 5,7-DHT 6-OHDA αET αMT Amphetamine Dizocilpine (MK-801) DSP-4 Ethanol GBL GHB Ibotenic acid Ketamine Lisdexamfetamine Methamphetamine MBDB MDA MDEA MDMA (Ecstasy) MPP+ MPTP Norsalsolinol PBA PCA PIA Phencyclidine (PCP)

v t e Cholinergics Receptor ligands mAChR Agonists: 77-LH-28-1 AC-42 AC-260,584 Aceclidine Acetylcholine AF30 AF150(S) AF267B AFDX-384 Alvameline AQRA-741 Arecoline Bethanechol Butyrylcholine Carbachol CDD-0034 CDD-0078 CDD-0097 CDD-0098 CDD-0102 Cevimeline Choline cis-Dioxolane Ethoxysebacylcholine LY-593,039 L-689,660 LY-2,033,298 McNA343 Methacholine Milameline Muscarine NGX-267 Ocvimeline Oxotremorine PD-151,832 Pilocarpine RS86 Sabcomeline SDZ 210-086 Sebacylcholine Suberylcholine Talsaclidine Tazomeline Thiopilocarpine Vedaclidine VU-0029767 VU-0090157 VU-0152099 VU-0152100 VU-0238429 WAY-132,983 Xanomeline YM-796 Antagonists: 3-Quinuclidinyl Benzilate 4-DAMP Aclidinium Bromide Anisodamine Anisodine Atropine Atropine Methonitrate Benactyzine Benzatropine/Benztropine Benzydamine BIBN 99 Biperiden Bornaprine CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 CS-27349 Cyclobenzaprine Cyclopentolate Darifenacin DAU-5884 Dimethindene Dexetimide DIBD Dicyclomine/Dicycloverine Ditran EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Etanautine Etybenzatropine/Ethylbenztropine Flavoxate Himbacine HL-031,120 Ipratropium bromide J-104,129 Hyoscyamine Mamba Toxin 3 Mamba Toxin 7 Mazaticol Mebeverine Methoctramine Metixene N-Ethyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate N-Methyl-3-Piperidyl Benzilate Orphenadrine Otenzepad Oxybutynin PBID PD-102,807 PD-0298029 Phenglutarimide Phenyltoloxamine Pirenzepine Piroheptine Procyclidine Profenamine RU-47,213 SCH-57,790 SCH-72,788 SCH-217,443 Scopolamine/Hyoscine Solifenacin Telenzepine Tiotropium bromide Tolterodine Trihexyphenidyl Tripitamine Tropatepine Tropicamide WIN-2299 Xanomeline Zamifenacin; Others: 1st Generation Antihistamines (Brompheniramine chlorphenamine cyproheptadine dimenhydrinate diphenhydramine doxylamine mepyramine/pyrilamine phenindamine pheniramine tripelennamine triprolidine, etc) Tricyclic Antidepressants (Amitriptyline doxepin trimipramine, etc) Tetracyclic Antidepressants (Amoxapine maprotiline, etc) Typical Antipsychotics (Chlorpromazine thioridazine, etc) Atypical Antipsychotics (Clozapine olanzapine quetiapine, etc) nAChR Agonists: 5-HIAA A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT-202 ABT-418 ABT-560 ABT-894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatoxin-a AR-R17779 Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP-4473 EVP-6124 Galantamine GTS-21 Ispronicline Lobeline MEM-63,908/RG-3487 Nicotine NS-1738 PHA-543,613 PHA-709,829 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Rivanicline RJR-2429 Sazetidine A Sebacylcholine SIB-1508Y SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 Suberylcholine Suxamethonium/Succinylcholine TC-1698 TC-1734 TC-1827 TC-2216 TC-5214 TC-5619 TC-6683 Tebanicline Tropisetron UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538 XY-4083 Antagonists: 18-Methoxycoronaridine α-Bungarotoxin α-Conotoxin Alcuronium Amantadine Anatruxonium Atracurium Bupropion Chandonium Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Dacuronium Decamethonium Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dimethyltubocurarine/Metocurine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine/MK-801 Doxacurium Duador Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Hexafluronium Hexamethonium/Benzohexonium Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudexium/Laudolissin Levacetylmethadol Malouetine Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone (Levomethadone) Methorphan/Racemethorphan Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol/Racemorphan Neramexane Nitrous Oxide Pancuronium Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium Radafaxine Rapacuronium Rocuronium Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Toxiferine Trimethaphan Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vecuronium Xenon Reuptake inhibitors Plasmalemmal CHT Inhibitors Hemicholinium-3/Hemicholine Triethylcholine Vesicular VAChT Inhibitors Vesamicol Enzyme inhibitors Anabolism ChAT inhibitors 1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium 2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium 3-Chloro-4-stillbazole 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine Acetylseco hemicholinium-3 Acryloylcholine AF64A B115 BETA CM-54,903 N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate Catabolism AChE inhibitors Reversible: Carbamates: Aldicarb Bendiocarb Bufencarb Carbaryl Carbendazim Carbetamide Carbofuran Chlorbufam Chloropropham Ethienocarb Ethiofencarb Fenobucarb Fenoxycarb Formetanate Furadan Ladostigil Methiocarb Methomyl Miotine Oxamyl Phenmedipham Pinmicarb Pirimicarb Propamocarb Propham Propoxur; Stigmines: Ganstigmine Neostigmine Phenserine Physostigmine Pyridostigmine Rivastigmine; Others: Acotiamide Ambenonium Donepezil Caffeine Edrophonium Galantamine Huperzine A Minaprine Tacrine Zanapezil Irreversible: Organophosphates: Acephate Azinphos-methyl Bensulide Cadusafos Chlorethoxyfos Chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-Methyl Coumaphos Cyclosarin Demeton Demeton-S-Methyl Diazinon Dichlorvos Dicrotophos Diisopropyl fluorophosphate Diisopropylphosphate Dimethoate Dioxathion Disulfoton EA-3148 Echothiophate Ethion Ethoprop Fenamiphos Fenitrothion Fenthion Fosthiazate GV Isofluorophate Isoxathion Malaoxon Malathion Methamidophos Methidathion Metrifonate Mevinphos Monocrotophos Naled Novichok agent Omethoate Oxydemeton-Methyl Paraoxon Parathion Parathion-Methyl Phorate Phosalone Phosmet Phostebupirim Phoxim Pirimiphos-Methyl Sarin Soman Tabun Temefos Terbufos Tetrachlorvinphos Tribufos Trichlorfon VE VG VM VR VX; Others: Demecarium Onchidal (Onchidella binneyi) BChE inhibitors Cymserine * Many of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitors listed above act as butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Others Precursors Choline (Lecithin) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate/Centrophenoxine Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol Cofactors Acetic acid Acetylcarnitine Acetyl-coA Vitamin B5 (Pantethine Pantetheine Panthenol) Others Acetylcholine releasing agents: α-Latrotoxin β-Bungarotoxin; Acetylcholine release inhibitors: Botulinum toxin (Botox); Acetylcholinesterase reactivators: Asoxime Obidoxime Pralidoxime

v t e Dopaminergics Receptor ligands Agonists Adamantanes: Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine; Aminotetralins: 7-OH-DPAT 8-OH-PBZI Rotigotine UH-232; Benzazepines: 6-Br-APB Fenoldopam SKF-38,393 SKF-77,434 SKF-81,297 SKF-82,958 SKF-83,959; Ergolines: Bromocriptine Cabergoline Dihydroergocryptine Epicriptine Lisuride LSD Pergolide; Dihydrexidine derivatives: 2-OH-NPA A-86,929 Ciladopa Dihydrexidine Dinapsoline Dinoxyline Doxanthrine; Others: A-68,930 A-77636 A-412,997 ABT-670 ABT-724 Aplindore Apomorphine Aripiprazole Bifeprunox BP-897 CY-208,243 Dizocilpine Etilevodopa Flibanserin Ketamine Melevodopa Modafinil Pardoprunox Phencyclidine PD-128,907 PD-168,077 PF-219,061 Piribedil Pramipexole Propylnorapomorphine Pukateine Quinagolide Quinelorane Quinpirole RDS-127 Ro10-5824 Ropinirole Rotigotine Roxindole Salvinorin A SKF-89,145 Sumanirole Terguride Umespirone WAY-100,635 Antagonists Typical antipsychotics: Acepromazine Azaperone Benperidol Bromperidol Clopenthixol Chlorpromazine Chlorprothixene Droperidol Flupentixol Fluphenazine Fluspirilene Haloperidol Loxapine Mesoridazine Methotrimeprazine Nemonapride Penfluridol Perazine Periciazine Perphenazine Pimozide Prochlorperazine Promazine Sulforidazine Sulpiride Sultopride Thioridazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine Triflupromazine Trifluperidol Zuclopenthixol; Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride Asenapine Blonanserin Cariprazine Carpipramine Clocapramine Clorotepine Clozapine Gevotroline Iloperidone Lurasidone Melperone Molindone Mosapramine Olanzapine Paliperidone Perospirone Piquindone Quetiapine Remoxipride Risperidone Sertindole Tiospirone Ziprasidone Zotepine; Antiemetics: AS-8112 Alizapride Bromopride Clebopride Domperidone Metoclopramide Thiethylperazine; Others: Amoxapine Buspirone Butaclamol Ecopipam EEDQ Eticlopride Fananserin L-745,870 Nafadotride Nuciferine PNU-99,194 Raclopride Sarizotan SB-277,011-A SCH-23,390 SKF-83,959 Sonepiprazole Spiperone Spiroxatrine Stepholidine Tetrahydropalmatine Tiapride UH-232 Yohimbine Reuptake inhibitors Plasmalemmal DAT inhibitors Piperazines: DBL-583 GBR-12,935 Nefazodone Vanoxerine; Piperidines: BTCP Desoxypipradrol Dextromethylphenidate Difemetorex Ethylphenidate Methylnaphthidate Methylphenidate Phencyclidine Pipradrol; Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol MDPV Naphyrone Prolintane Pyrovalerone; Tropanes: Altropane Brasofensine CFT Cocaine Dichloropane Difluoropine FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT Ioflupane (123I) Iometopane RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-121 RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-177 RTI-229 RTI-336 Tenocyclidine Tesofensine Troparil Tropoxane WF-11 WF-23 WF-31 WF-33; Others: Adrafinil Armodafinil Amfonelic acid Amineptine Benzatropine Bromantane BTQ BTS-74,398 Bupropion Ciclazindol Diclofensine Dimethocaine Diphenylpyraline Dizocilpine DOV-102,677 DOV-21,947 DOV-216,303 Etybenzatropine EXP-561 Fencamine Fencamfamine Fezolamine GYKI-52,895 Indatraline Ketamine Lefetamine Levophacetoperane LR-5182 Manifaxine Mazindol Medifoxamine Mesocarb Modafinil Nefopam Nomifensine NS-2359 O-2172 Pridefrine Propylamphetamine Radafaxine SEP-225,289 SEP-227,162 Sertraline Sibutramine Tametraline Tedatioxetine Tripelennamine Vesicular VMAT inhibitors Deserpidine Ibogaine Reserpine Tetrabenazine Releasing agents Morpholines: Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide Morazone Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine Pseudophenmetrazine; Oxazolines: 4-MAR Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone; Phenethylamines (also amphetamines, cathinones, etc): 2-OH-PEA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-MA 4-MMA Alfetamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amfepramone Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil β-Me-PEA BDB BOH Benzphetamine Buphedrone Butylone Cathine Cathinone Clobenzorex Clortermine D-Deprenyl DMA DMMA Dimethylamphetamine Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Ethylamphetamine EBDB Ethylone Famprofazone Fenethylline Fenproporex Flephedrone Fludorex Furfenorex Hordenine Hydroxyamphetamine Iofetamine Lophophine Mefenorex Mephedrone Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) Methcathinone Methedrone MMDA MMDMA MBDB MDA MDEA MDMA MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Methylone Ortetamine pBA pCA pIA Pholedrine Phenethylamine Pholedrine Phenpromethamine Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Tiflorex Tyramine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine; Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP BZP MBZP MDBZP MeOPP; Others: 2-ADN 2-AI 2-AT 4-BP 5-IAI Clofenciclan Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Feprosidnine Gilutensin Heptaminol Hexacyclonate IAP Indanorex Isometheptene Methylhexanamine Naphthylisopropylamine Octodrine Phthalimidopropiophenone Propylhexedrine (Levopropylhexedrine) Tuaminoheptane Allosteric modulators Quinazolinamines: SoRI-9804 SoRI-20040 SoRI-20041 Enzyme inhibitors Anabolism PAH inhibitors 3,4-Dihydroxystyrene TH inhibitors 3-Iodotyrosine Aquayamycin Bulbocapnine Metirosine Oudenone AAAD/DDC inhibitors Benserazide Carbidopa DFMD Genistein Methyldopa Catabolism MAO inhibitors Nonselective: Benmoxin Caroxazone Echinopsidine Furazolidone Hydralazine Indantadol Iproclozide Iproniazid Isocarboxazid Isoniazid Linezolid Mebanazine Metfendrazine Nialamide Octamoxin Paraxazone Phenelzine Pheniprazine Phenoxypropazine Pivalylbenzhydrazine Procarbazine Safrazine Tranylcypromine; MAO-A selective: Amiflamine Bazinaprine Befloxatone Befol Brofaromine Cimoxatone Clorgiline Esuprone Harmala alkaloids Methylene Blue Metralindole Minaprine Moclobemide Pirlindole Sercloremine Tetrindole Toloxatone Tyrima; MAO-B selective: D-Deprenyl Ethanol L-Deprenyl (Selegiline) Ladostigil Lazabemide Milacemide Nicotine Pargyline Rasagiline Safinamide COMT inhibitors Entacapone Nitecapone Tolcapone DBH inhibitors Disulfiram Dopastin Fusaric acid Nepicastat Tropolone Others Precursors L-Phenylalanine → L-Tyrosine → L-DOPA (Levodopa) Cofactors Ferrous iron (Fe2+) Tetrahydrobiopterin Vitamin B3 (Niacin Nicotinamide → NADPH) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Pyridoxamine Pyridoxal → Pyridoxal phosphate) Vitamin B9 (Folic acid → Tetrahydrofolic acid) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Zinc (Zn2+) Others Activity enhancers: BPAP PPAP; Toxins: 6-OHDA List of dopaminergic drugs

v t e Glutamatergics Ionotropic AMPA Agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine AMPA Domoic acid Quisqualic acid; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam Cyclothiazide CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 CX-691 CX-717 Diazoxide HCTZ IDRA-21 LY-392,098 LY-404,187 LY-451,395 LY-451,646 LY-503,430 Org 26576 Oxiracetam PEPA Piracetam Pramiracetam S-18986 Sunifiram Unifiram Antagonists: ATPO Barbiturates BGG492 Caroverine CNQX DNQX GYKI-52466 NBQX Perampanel Talampanel Tezampanel Topiramate; Negative allosteric modulators: GYKI-53,655 NMDA Agonists: Glutamate/acite site competitive agonists: Aspartate Glutamate Homoquinolinic acid Ibotenic acid NMDA Quinolinic acid Tetrazolylglycine; Glycine site agonists: ACBD ACPC ACPD Alanine CCG Cycloserine DHPG Fluoroalanine Glycine HA-966 L-687,414 Milacemide Sarcosine Serine Tetrazolylglycine; Polyamine site agonists: Acamprosate Spermidine Spermine Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV) AP7 CGP-37849 CGP-39551 CGP-39653 CGP-40116 CGS-19755 CPP LY-233,053 LY-235,959 LY-274,614 MDL-100,453 Midafotel (d-CPPene) NPC-12,626 NPC-17,742 PBPD PEAQX Perzinfotel PPDA SDZ-220581 Selfotel; Noncompetitive antagonists: ARR-15,896 Caroverine Dexanabinol FPL-12495 FR-115,427 Hodgkinsine Magnesium MDL-27,266 NPS-1506 Psychotridine Zinc; Uncompetitive pore blockers: 2-MDP 3-MeO-PCP 8A-PDHQ Alaproclate Amantadine Aptiganel ARL-12,495 ARL-15,896-AR ARL-16,247 Budipine Delucemine Dexoxadrol Dextrallorphan Dieticyclidine Dizocilpine Endopsychosin Esketamine Etoxadrol Eticyclidine Gacyclidine Ibogaine Indantadol Ketamine Ketobemidone Loperamide Memantine Meperidine (Pethidine) Methadone (Levomethadone) Methorphan (Dextromethorphan Levomethorphan) Methoxetamine Milnacipran Morphanol (Dextrorphan Levorphanol) NEFA Neramexane Nitrous oxide Noribogaine Orphenadrine PCPr Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Propoxyphene Remacemide Rhynchophylline Riluzole Rimantadine Rolicyclidine Sabeluzole Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Tramadol Xenon; Glycine site antagonists: ACEA-1021 ACEA-1328 ACPC Carisoprodol CGP-39653 CKA DCKA Felbamate Gavestinel GV-196,771 Kynurenic acid L-689,560 L-701,324 Lacosamide Licostinel LU-73,068 MDL-105,519 Meprobamate MRZ 2/576 PNQX ZD-9379; NR2B subunit antagonists: Besonprodil CO-101,244 (PD-174,494) CP-101,606 Eliprodil Haloperidol Ifenprodil Isoxsuprine Nylidrin Ro8-4304 Ro25-6981 Traxoprodil; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine Co 101676 Diaminopropane Acamprosate Diethylenetriamine Huperzine A Putrescine Ro 25-6981; Unclassified/unsorted antagonists: Chloroform Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethanol (Alcohol) Halothane Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Toluene Trichloroethane Trichloroethanol Trichloroethylene Xylene Kainate Agonists: 5-Iodowillardiine ATPA Domoic acid Kainic acid LY-339,434 SYM-2081 Antagonists: BGG492 CNQX DNQX LY-382,884 NBQX NS102 Tezampanel Topiramate UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: NS-3763 Metabotropic Group I Agonists: Non-selective: ACPD DHPG Quisqualic acid; mGlu1-selective: Ro01-6128 Ro67-4853 Ro67-7476 VU-71; mGlu5-selective: ADX-47273 CDPPB CHPG DFB VU-1545 Antagonists: Non-selective: MCPG NPS-2390; mGlu1-selective: BAY 36-7620 CPCCOEt LY-367,385 LY-456,236; mGlu5-selective: CTEP Dipraglurant DMeOB LY-344,545 SIB-1757 SIB-1893; Negative allosteric modulators: Fenobam MPEP MTEP GRN-529 Group II Agonists: Non-selective: CBiPES DCG-IV Eglumegad LY-379,268 LY-404,039 LY-487,379 MGS-0028; mGlu2-selective: BINA LY-566,332 Antagonists: Non-selective: APICA EGLU HYDIA LY-307,452 LY-341,495 MCPG MGS-0039: mGlu2-selective: PCCG-4; mGlu3-selective: CECXG; Negative allosteric modulators: RO4491533 Group III Agonists: Non-selective: L-AP4; mGlu4-selective: PHCCC VU-001,171 VU-0155,041; mGlu7-selective: AMN082; mGlu8-selective: DCPG Antagonists: Non-selective: CPPG MAP4 MSOP MPPG MTPG UBP-1112; mGlu7-selective: MMPIP Transporter inhibitors EAATs DHKA PDC WAY-213,613 vGluTs 7-CKA Evans blue Others Precursors L-Glutamine Cofactors α-Ketoglutaric acid Iron Sulfur Vitamin B2 (as FAD and FMN) Vitamin B3 (as NADPH) Others L-Theanine

v t e Opioids Opium and poppy straw derivatives Crude opiate extracts/ whole opium products Compote/Kompot/Polish heroin Diascordium B & O Supprettes Dover's powder Kendal Black Drop Laudanum Mithridate Opium Paregoric Poppy straw concentrate Poppy tea Smoking opium Theriac Natural opiates Opium alkaloids see also: Components of opium Codeine Morphine Oripavine Pseudomorphine Thebaine Alkaloid salts mixtures Pantopon Papaveretum (Omnopon) Semisynthetics including Bentley compounds Morphine family 2,4-Dinitrophenylmorphine 6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine Azidomorphine Chlornaltrexamine Dihydrodesoxymorphine (Desomorphine) Dihydromorphine Hydromorphinol Methyldesorphine N-Phenethylnormorphine RAM-378 3,6-diesters of morphine Acetylpropionylmorphine Diacetyldihydromorphine (Dihydroheroin, Acetylmorphinol) Dibenzoylmorphine Dipropanoylmorphine Heroin (Diacetylmorphine) Nicomorphine Codeine-dionine family 6-Monoacetylcodeine Benzylmorphine Codeine methylbromide Methyldihydromorphine (Dihydroheterocodeine) Ethylmorphine (Dionine) Heterocodeine Morpholinylethylmorphine (Pholcodine) Myrophine Morphinones and morphols 14-Cinnamoyloxycodeinone 14-Ethoxymetopon 14-Methoxymetopon 14-Phenylpropoxymetopon 6-Methylenedihydrodesoxymorphine 7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone Acetylmorphone Codeinone Codorphone Codoxime IBNtxA Thebacon (Acetyldihydrocodeinone / Dihydrocodeinone enol acetate) Hydrocodone Hydromorphone Metopon Morphinone N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon Nalmexone Oxycodone Oxymorphol Oxymorphone Pentamorphone Semorphone Morphides Chloromorphide Dihydrocodeine series 14-hydroxydihydrocodeine Acetyldihydrocodeine Dihydrocodeine Nicocodeine Nicodicodeine Nitrogen morphine derivatives Morphine-N-Oxide Hydrazones Oxymorphazone Halogenated morphine derivatives 1-Iodomorphine Active opiate metabolites Morphine-6-glucuronide 6-Monoacetylmorphine Norcodeine Normorphine Morphinans Butorphanol Cyclorphan Cyprodime Dextrallorphan Drotebanol Ketorphanol Levallorphan Levorphanol Levophenacylmorphan Levomethorphan Morphinan-3-ol Nalbuphine Norlevorphanol Oxilorphan Phenomorphan Proxorphan Racemethorphan/Methorphan Racemorphanol/Morphanol Ro4-1539 Sinomenine/Cocculine Xorphanol Benzomorphans 8-CAC Alazocine Anazocine Bremazocine Butinazocine Carbazocine Cogazocine Dezocine Eptazocine Etazocine Ethylketazocine Fluorophen Ibazocine Ketazocine Metazocine Moxazocine Pentazocine Phenazocine Tonazocine Volazocine Zenazocine 4-Phenylpiperidines Pethidines (Meperidines) 4-Fluoromeperidine Allylnorpethidine Anileridine Benzethidine Carperidine Difenoxin Diphenoxylate Etoxeridine (Carbetidine) Furethidine Hydroxypethidine (Bemidone) Morpheridine Oxpheneridine (Carbamethidine) Pethidine (Meperidine) Pethidine Intermediate A Pethidine Intermediate B (Norpethidine) Pethidine Intermediate C (Pethidinic Acid) Pheneridine Phenoperidine Piminodine Properidine (Ipropethidine) Sameridine Prodines Allylprodine Meprodine (α-meprodine / β-meprodine) MPPP (Desmethylprodine) PEPAP Prodine (α-prodine / β-prodine) Prosidol Trimeperidine (Promedol) Ketobemidones Acetoxyketobemidone Droxypropine Ketobemidone Methylketobemidone Propylketobemidone Others Alvimopan Loperamide Picenadol Open chain opioids Amidones Dipipanone Isomethadone Levomethadone Methadone Normethadone Norpipanone Phenadoxone (Heptazone) Methadols Acetylmethadol Alphacetylmethadol Alphamethadol Betacetylmethadol Betamethadol Dimepheptanol (methadol) Levacetylmethadol Noracymethadol Moramides Desmethylmoramide Dextromoramide Levomoramide Moramide/Racemoramide Thiambutenes Diethylthiambutene Dimethylthiambutene Ethylmethylthiambutene Piperidylthiambutene Pyrrolidinylthiambutene Thiambutene Tipepidine Phenalkoxams Dextropropoxyphene (Propoxyphene) Dimenoxadol Dioxaphetyl Butyrate Levopropoxyphene Norpropoxyphene Ampromides Diampromide Phenampromide Propiram Others Alimadol IC-26 Isoaminile Lefetamine R-4066 Anilidopiperidines 3-Allylfentanyl 3-Methylfentanyl 3-Methylthiofentanyl 4-Phenylfentanyl Alfentanil α-methylacetylfentanyl α-methylfentanyl α-methylthiofentanyl β-hydroxyfentanyl β-hydroxythiofentanyl β-methylfentanyl Brifentanil Carfentanil Fentanyl Lofentanil Mirfentanil Ocfentanil Ohmefentanyl Parafluorofentanyl Phenaridine Remifentanil Sufentanil Thiofentanyl Trefentanil Oripavine derivatives 7-PET Acetorphine Alletorphine BU-48 Buprenorphine Cyprenorphine Dihydroetorphine Etorphine Homprenorphine Norbuprenorphine Phenazepanes Ethoheptazine Meptazinol Metheptazine Metethoheptazine Proheptazine Pirinitramides Bezitramide Piritramide Benzimidazoles Clonitazene Etonitazene Indoles 18-MC 7-Hydroxymitragynine Akuammine Eseroline Hodgkinsine Mitragynine Pericine Diphenylmethylpiperazines BW373U86 DPI-221 DPI-287 DPI-3290 SNC-80 Opioid peptides see also: Opioid neuropeptides Adrenorphin Amidorphin Biphalin Casokefamide Casomorphin Cytochrophin DADLE DAMGO Deltorphin Dermorphin Dynorphin Endomorphin Endorphin Enkephalin Frakefamide Gliadorphin Hemorphin Leumorphin Metkefamide Morphiceptin Neoendorphin Nociceptin Octreotide Opiorphin Rubiscolin Spinorphin TRIMU 5 Tynorphin Valorphin Others AD-1211 AH-7921 Azaprocin BDPC BRL-52537 Bromadoline Bromadol C-8813 Ciprefadol Ciramadol Doxpicomine Enadoline Faxeladol GR-89696 Herkinorin ICI-199,441 ICI-204,448 J-113,397 JTC-801 LPK-26 MCOPPB Methopholine MT-45 N-Desmethylclozapine NNC 63-0532 Nortilidine O-Desmethyltramadol Phenadone Phencyclidine Prodilidine Profadol Ro64-6198 Salvinorin A SB-612,111 SC-17599 RWJ-394,674 TAN-67 Tapentadol Tifluadom Tilidine Tramadol Trimebutine U-50,488 U-69,593 Viminol W-18 Opioid antagonists & inverse agonists 5'-Guanidinonaltrindole Alvimopan Chlornaltrexamine Chloroxymorphamine Conorfone Cyclazocine Cyprodime Diacetylnalorphine Difenamizole Diprenorphine (M5050) Gemazocine JDTic Levallorphan LY-255,582 Methylnaltrexone Nalbuphine Naldemedine Nalmefene Nalmexone Naloxazone Naloxegol Naloxonazine Naloxone Nalorphine Nalorphine dinicotinate Naltrexol-d4 Naltrexone Naltriben Naltrindole Norbinaltorphimine Oxilorphan Quadazocine Samidorphan Tonazocine Zenazocine Uncategorized opioids Anilopam Asimadoline Axomadol FE 200665 Fedotozine Nalfurafine Nalorphine Nalorphine dinicotinate SoRI-9409 List of opioids

Receptor
Ligands

Agonists

3-PPP
4-IBP
4-PPBP
Afobazole

AllylnormetazocineAmitriptyline
Amphetamine
Berberine
Citalopram
Clorgyline
Cocaine
Cyclazocine
Dextrallorphan
Dextromethorphan
Dextrorphan
DTG
BD-1,008
Desipramine
DHEA
Dimethyltryptamine

Dimemorfan
Ditolylguanidine

EMD-57,445

Escitalopram

Fluoxetine
Fluvoxamine
Heroin
Igmesine
Imipramine
JO-1,784
L-687,384
Lamotrigine
Lu 28-179
MDMA
Methamphetamine
Morphine
Naluzotan
Noscapine
OPC-14,523
Opipramol
PB-28
PD-144,415
Pentazocine
Pentoxyverine
Phencyclidine
PRE-084
Pregnenolone
RTI-55
SA-4503
Sertraline
Siramesine
Venlafaxine

Antagonists

BD-1,047
BD-1,063
BMY-14,802
E-5,842
Haloperidol
NE-100
Progesterone
Rimcazole
SM-21

Unknown
Clocapramine
Gevotroline

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