"t" must be present for a particle to have an antimatter counterpart since antimatter is nothing more than the particle traveling backwards in time.

What is more intriguing are the particles which are missing the time dimension. This means they only exist for an instant (t=n) and hence cannot be detected directly like an electron. These are the virtual or "transfer" particles in most unified theories.

Charge is a measure of the number of spatial dimensions missing.

The positive and negative attribute normally associated with charge really belongs to the time dimension.

A negative charge (say an electron) is really an antimatter particle.

A proton is composed of three quarks, one of which is antimatter, and two of the three quarks in a neutron are antimatter. By placing the "sign" of a charge with the time dimension, one can understand where all the antimatter went when cosmologists ask symmetry questions. It is all around us.

Matter/antimatter annihilation occurs only when all of the voids in each particle match dimensionally, which is why the quarks in protons and neutrons coexist; they are not identical.

The table could be further subdivided for each entry with more than one dimension missing in which at least one dimension was traveling forward in time and the remaining dimensions traveling backwards in time.

Two voids (charges) traveling in the same time direction repel each other because they are trying to occupy the same time and space.

"Opposite charges" attract because their opposite time flows pull the voids together and allow the voids to occupy the same space (and hence annihilation).

This force between stationary voids which have a time dimension is called the electrostatic force. When the voids are moving, it is called the electromagnetic force.

From the above table, one can see why there are only six quarks. Like a crystal, a larger particle can be built up from smaller particles.

A composite particle is stable when all three spatial dimensions are in symmetry (i.e. an integer charge number). A particle missing one dimension will attract another particle missing the same dimension with the opposite time flow and missing at least one of the remaining dimensions, and repel those missing the same dimension with the same time flow. The force that governs the making of composite particles is called the strong force.

How the strong force behaves (three ways) depends upon the structure of the particle.

Symmetry can consist of two voids in one spatial dimension traveling in opposite time directions. It can also be one spatial dimension traveling opposite time directions. Or it can just be a void in each spatial dimension.

The three colors associated with each quark is nothing more than the three ways that the voids within a quark may be oriented. The d-quarks have one void and the u-quarks have two voids.

Making a composite particle is somewhat like balancing a chemical equation. And by looking at the void symmetry, one can get a feeling for a particle's behavior.

For example; a neutron has its voids traveling in opposite time directions (zero net time flow) and a proton has three voids all traveling forward in time (positive net time flow):

Neutron

Geometric structure:

When particles break up or combine, there may be a transfer of voids between particles. At the instant of transfer, at least one of the eight virtual particles is involved.

The force that transfers a void between particles is called the weak force. Since this transfer of voids takes place within a composite particle, the weak force is only effective for a short time and hence for only a short distance.

The electrostatic, electromagnetic, strong, and weak force are all the result of the force between voids due to their time flow direction, whereas gravity is the result of the force between voids due to their physical existence.

Thus one could look at gravity as being orthogonal to the other forces and hence cannot be unified with them, other than they are all the result of a void.

Gravity results in a larger single void trying to reduce the distortion to space/time whereas the other forces all result in a combination of individual voids trying to eliminate the space/time distortion. That is why gravity is weaker than the other force (reduce verse eliminate).

EXPLANATION (PROOF) OF WHY THE UNIVERSE IS COMPOSED OF ELECTRONS, PROTONS, AND NEUTRONS:

A stable (long lived) particle is one in which all three spatial dimensions have a net void each. From the above table, an electron fits this requirement right away.

The next step would be to consider groups consisting of particles missing one and two dimensions:

One Dimension Two Dimensions

Now list all possible combinations of one and two dimensional particles:

Now list all possible combinations of one and two dimensional particles:

Now select those pairs which can be attached. That is they have a (+) and a (-) void in the dimension. Note that two one-dimensional or two two-dimensional joining is matter/antimatter annihilation and thus cannot exist.

In all cases, there is a dangling void. Thus there can be no stable joining between just one one-dimensional void and one two-dimensional void.

One solution would be to add one more one-dimensional void to balance the dangling void, just like a chemical equation. All possible additions are:

Only the dangling void can attract the one-dimensional void. This reduces the combinations to:

Note that by adding all the voids in each spatial dimension you get either 111- or 111+. A particle whose sum is 111- is the antimatter equivalent of 111+.

Since one of the basic assumptions was that there is no preferred coordinate system, including time, then these twelve particles are really the same.

Due to the right handed coordinate system chose, each of the six particles is simply the same particle rotated one way or another.

This three quark particle is stable because all three spatial voids are neutralized ( 0 + with a 0 -), resulting in a sum of 111. Thus it is natural to call this particle a neutron.

The only other solution would be to add one more two-dimensional void to balance the dangling void, just like a chemical equation. All possible additions are:

Only the dangling void can attract the two-dimensional void (otherwise there would still be an unbalanced dimension). This reduces the combinations to :

Note that by adding all the voids in each spatial dimension you get either 000- or 000+. A particle whose sum is 000- is the antimatter equivalent of 000+. Since one of the basic assumptions was that there is no preferred coordinate system, including, time then these twelve particles are really the same.

Due to time, the six 000- are the same as the six 000+. Due to the right handed coordinate system chosen, each of the six particles is simply the same particle rotated one way or another.

This three quark particle is stable because all three spatial dimension are canceled (1+ with a 1-), resulting in a sum of 000. This is a particle with a charge of one. Thus it is natural to call this particle a proton.

NEUTRONS: THE BINDING BUILDING BLOCKS

By looking at the geometric structure of the quarks that make up a neutron, one can easily see that there are two negative attachment points and two positive attachment points. This allows neutrons to bind to themselves or to protons.

Protons only have two positive attachment points. Thus protons cannot bind to themselves.

Neutron to Neutron

Neutron to Proton

For more than one proton to be in an atom's nucleus there must be neutrons to bind them together. Geometry can be used to show why the neutrons do not increase uniformly in the periodic table as well as why there are isotopes of various stabilities.

Neutron stars can form but not proton stars because only neutrons can bind to themselves.