A Triple Sunrise Over Gdansk Bay
Credit & Copyright: Barry & Noemi Diacon (McMaster U.)

Explanation: How can the same Sun rise three times? Last month on Friday, 2009 July 10, a spectacular triple sunrise was photographed at about 4:30 am over Gdansk Bay in Gdansk, Poland. Clearly, our Sun rises only once. Some optical effect is creating at least two mirages of the Sun -- but which effect? In the vast majority of similarly reported cases, mirages of the brightest object in the frame can be traced to reflections internal to the camera taking the images. Still, the above image is intriguing because a sincere photographer claims the effect was visible to the unaided eye, and because the photographer took several other frames that show variants of the same effect. Therefore, polite readers are invited to debate whether the above image captures a particularly spectacular example of common reflections inside a standard digital camera, shows one of the most spectacular examples of atmospheric lensing yet recorded, or was caused by something completely different.

A solar wind stream flowing
from the indicated coronal hole
could reach Earth on or about
Sept. 3rd.
Credit: SOHO Extreme UV Telescope

View a video of the prom in action!

"What a doozy," he says. "I watched the prominence for more than two hours and captured many good images." The video he made is a must-see (DivX required).

Realtime images from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory indicate that the prominence remains active. Readers with solar telescopes should take a look. It's no longer a surprise, but still a doozy.

images: from Michael Borman of Evansville, Indiana; from Matt Wastell of Brisbane, Australia; from Pavol Rapavy of Observatory Romavska Sobota, Slovakia; from Mark Townley of Brierley Hill, West Midlands, UK; from Stephen Ames of Hodgenville, KY; from Fabio Mariuzza of Biauzzo-Codroipo, Italy; from Cai-Uso Wohler of Bispingen, Germany; from Emiel Veldhuis of Zwolle, the Netherlands; from Francisco A. Rodriguez of Cabreja Mountain Observatory, Vega de San Mateo, Gran Canaria, Canary Islands; from Gianfranco Meregalli of Milano, Italy;

This photos is from LASCO images
http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime/realtime-c2.html

"With a clear sky and very good weather, I decided to go outside and take some pictures of the Northern Lights--and there they were," he says.

Salluit is located under Earth's persistent auroral oval, a luminous ring circumscribing the north magnetic pole. Our planet's magnetic field guides particles from space into the oval and voila!--Northern Lights. No geomagnetic storm is required.

August 2009 Aurora Gallery
[previous Augusts: 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001]

SOLAR ACTIVITY: In the pits of a century-level solar minimum, the sun is setting new records for quiet. But really, how quiet can a 10²⁷-ton nuclear explosion (a star) ever be? The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory recorded some lively action on August 25th and 26th:

The 42-hour time-lapse movie shows a prominence, a swirling cloud of hydrogen held up unsteadily by solar magnetic fields. Prominences appear to be the one form of solar activity that continues apace even when sunspots are absent. Readers with solar telescopes, for a good show train your optics on the edge of the sun.

more images: from Joe Bartolick of Livermore, California; from Michael Buxton of Ocean Beach, California; from Adrian Guzman of San Jose, CA; from Richard Bailey of Barham, Kent, UK; from Monty Leventhal of Sydney. Australia; from Stephen Ames of Hodgenville, Kentucky; from Pavol Rapavy of Observatory Rimavska Sobota, Slovakia; from Fabio Mariuzza of Biauzzo, Codroipo, Italy

NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) flew over the 10-km crater last week and took a look inside. It was pure shadow. Crater Erlanger is near the Moon's north pole. Because the Moon's spin axis is tilted only 1.5 degrees, sunlight cannot surmount the crater's steep rim to flood the interior.

What lies inside the darkness? An exciting possibility is frozen water. Temperatures in the dark bottom could be as low as -370 Fahrenheit, cold enough to keep ice from sublimating even in hard lunar vacuum. Ice in dark craters could be an invaluable resource for future human explorers. Just melt and drink. Or split H₂O into hydrogen for rocket fuel and oxygen for breathing. Water also makes an excellent radiation shield. Two spacecraft, the LRO and India's Chandrayaan-1 probe, are pinging the crater using onboard radars to learn more about Erlanger's hidden deposits. Get the full story from Arizona State University.

Prominences are clouds of red-hot hydrogen held above the sun's surface by solar magnetic fields. Sometimes those fields become unstable and erupt, hurling the cloud into space. Such was the case today, Aug. 24th. The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory recorded the action from beginning to end in a 36-hour time-lapse movie.

During the maximum phase of the solar cycle, an eruption like this might be lost in the hubbub of sunspots, solar flares, and geomagnetic storms. But now....? Deep solar minimum does have its advantages.

8-23-09 - No sunspots today

images: from Les Cowley of the United Kingdom; from Cai-Uso Wohler of Bispingen, Germany; from Stephen Ames of Hodgenville, Kentucky

ARE SUNSPOTS DISAPPEARING? Sunspots are made of magnetism. The "firmament" of a sunspot is not matter but rather a strong magnetic field that appears dark because it blocks the upflow of heat from the sun's fiery depths. Without magnetism, there would be no sunspots.

That's what makes the following graph a little troubling:

According to Bill Livingston and Matt Penn of the National Solar Observatory in Tucson, Arizona, sunspot magnetic fields are waning. The two respected solar astronomers have been measuring solar magnetism since 1992. Their technique is based on Zeeman splitting of infrared spectral lines emitted by iron atoms in the vicinity of sunspots. Extrapolating their data into the future suggests that sunspots could completely disappear within decades. That would be a bummer for Spaceweather.com.

Don't count out sunspots just yet, however. While the data of Livingston and Penn are widely thought to be correct, far-reaching extrapolations may be premature. This type of measurement is relatively new, and the data reaches back less than 17 years. "Whether this is an omen of long-term sunspot decline, analogous to the Maunder Minimum, remains to be seen," they caution in a recent EOS article.

One thing is certain. Solar Minimum is a lot more interesting than it sounds: more.

8-19-09  No sunspots today - 39 days without a sunspot

The sun lives! More out of hope than expectation I took an H-alpha look at the sun with my Solarmax60 this afternoon, usually a time of poor seeing. Remarkably the image was steady and this complex prominence was evolving on the NW limb. Eyepiece sketch at 50X.

  JUPITER MOON MOVIE: Four hundred years ago when Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter, the satellites appeared in his primitive telescope as tiny, almost infinitesimal specks of light pirouetting around the giant planet. Their discovery transformed 17th century cosmology and made Galileo famous, but he never saw them as anything more than star-like pinpricks. The "Galilean satellites" were second-class citizens in the heirarchy of known worlds.

What would Galileo say now?

On August 16th, Philippine astrophotographer Christopher Go used a modern 11-inch Celestron telescope to photograph Io casting its shadow on Ganymede. Click on the image to launch the movie:

"I captured this rare event through a hole in the clouds," says Go. "It was a lucky clearing!"

In the movie, Io and Ganymede reveal themselves as fully-formed worlds with surface markings and a spherical shape. Io's circular shadow cuts a dark swath across Ganymede, transforming that giant moon (it is larger than Mercury) into a succession of crescents rarely seen by observers. Indeed, as far as we know, no telescope on Earth or space has ever photographed one of Jupiter's moons casting its circular shadow so clearly across another.

"While imaging the shadow transit, I took the time to photograph Jupiter itself," says Go. "The Great Red Spot, an anticyclone twice the size of Earth, was very prominent."

At this point, one imagines Galileo would jump up and exclaim--"bring me a telescope!" If only we could. August 2009 is a superb time to watch the giant planet. Jupiter is at its closest to Earth and outshines every star in the night sky. Backyard optics reveal giant storms, clouds, moons, moon shadows and occasionally an explosive surprise. The place to look is here.

HERE IS SOHO ANOMALY FROM 2005 - SEE MORE FROM 2009 BELOW

WHAT IS IT?  THESE ARE THREE CONSECUTIVE IMAGES OFF THE SOHO PAGE FROM YESTERDAY

It was from this page:  http://sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/data_query_search_url?Session=web&Resolution=2&Display=Images&NumImg=30&Types=instrument=LASCO:detector=C3

 

BUSY MORNING: Monday began with a flurry of activity in the eastern sky. Theenter"> . "Wow, what a show!" says Dorman. Elsewhere, the Moon-Venus conjunction provided a backdrop for rocket launches and other forms of air travel. It was a busy morning, indeed.

PERSEIDS NEWS

According to the International Meteor Organization, the shower peaked an extraordinary three times. The first peak, around 0800 UT on August 12th, was caused by Earth hitting a filament of dust shed by Perseid parent Comet Swift-Tuttle in 1610. The second peak, around 1800 UT on August 12th, was another cloud of dust from Comet Swift-Tuttle nudged toward Earth by the gravity of Saturn. The third peak, around 0600 UT on August 13th, is a mystery. Researchers are working now to "reverse-forecast" the shower and figure out the source of the third outburst.

NOTE:  In California: I sat out for 3 hours and only saw one meteor - and a small one at that.

td>8-15-09 - No sunspots today

NASA astronomers Danielle Moser and Bill Cooke made the composite of 130+ Perseids that flew over the Marshall Space Flight Center on August 12th. "We recorded a bright meteor or fireball every 3 minutes--a fabulous rate," says Cooke. Their meteor detection system consists of two cameras separated by 100 miles--one in Alabama and one in Georgia. The wide baseline allows Cooke and his team to triangulate the trajectory of meteoroids with some accuracy. Here is a geographic map of the Perseids they saw. "The stars really did fall on Alabama!" he says.

Worldwide, observers counted as many as 200 Perseids per hour. Some of the prettiest may be found in the photo gallery.

UPDATED: 2009 Perseid Photo Gallery
[Science@NASA: The Perseids are Coming, Horse Flies and Meteors]

PERFECT NIGHT: Robert Postma of Fort Simpson, Canada, went outside on August 12th to see the Perseids and got more than he bargained for. "I was treated to a triple whammy," he says. "The auroras came out, noctilucent clouds lit up the horizon, and a meteor streaked across the sky. It was a perfect night."

And an unlikely one....

The Perseids and, to a lesser degree, the noctilucent clouds were expected. But where did the auroras come from? There was no solar flare or gust of solar wind to spark the display. It appears to have been an unprovoked spasm of geomagnetic activity, which appeared on its own schedule, in the middle of the best meteor shower in years.

Sometimes it just pays to be outside. Keep looking up!

PLANET HUNTERS from the UK have discovered the largest EXOPLANET yet, and its uniqueness doesn't end there. Dubbed WASP-17, this extra large world is twice the size of Jupiter but is super-lightweight, "as dense as expanded polystyrene" one astronomer said. Plus it is going the WRONG WAY around its home sun, making it the first exoplanet known to have a
retrograde orbit. As a likely a victim of planetary billiards, astronomers say this unusual planet casts new light on how planetary systems form and evolve.

ASTRONOMERS SAY the planet must have flipped direction after a near miss with another huge "big brother" planet swung it around like a slingshot. Astronomers have long wondered why some EXTRASOLAR PLANETS are far bigger than expected, and WASP-17 points to the explanation. Scattered into a highly elliptical, retrograde orbit, it would have been subjected to intense tides. Tidal compression and stretching would have heated the gas-giant planet to its current, hugely bloated extent. -- Written by Nancy Atkinson

WASP-17b: an ultra-low density planet in a probable retrograde orbit

Authors: D. R. Anderson, C. Hellier, M. Gillon, A. H. M. J. Triaud, B. Smalley, L. Hebb, A. Collier Cameron, P. F. L. Maxted, D. Queloz, R. G. West, S. J. Bentley, B. Enoch, K. Horne, T. A. Lister, M. Mayor, N. R. Parley, F. Pepe, D. Pollacco, D. Ségransan, S. Udry, D. M. Wilson

(Submitted on 11 Aug 2009)

Abstract: We report the discovery of the transiting giant planet WASP-17b, the least-dense planet currently known. It is 1.6 Saturn masses but 1.5-2 Jupiter radii, giving a density of 6-14 per cent that of Jupiter. WASP-17b is in a 3.7-day orbit around a sub-solar metallicity, V = 11.6, F6 star. Preliminary detection of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect suggests that WASP-17b is in a retrograde orbit (lambda ~ -150 deg), indicative of a violent history involving planet-planet or planet-star scattering.
WASP-17b's bloated radius could be due to tidal heating resulting from recent or ongoing tidal circularisation of an eccentric orbit, such as the highly eccentric orbits that typically result from scattering interactions. It will thus be important to determine more precisely the current orbital eccentricity by further high-precision radial velocity measurements or by timing the secondary eclipse, both to reduce the uncertainty on the planet's radius and to test tidal-heating models. Owing to its low surface gravity, WASP-17b's atmosphere has the largest scale height of any known planet, making it a good target for transmission spectroscopy.

Comments:	9 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables, submitted to ApJ
Subjects:	Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
	arXiv:0908.1553v1 [astro-ph.EP]

Huge new planet tells of game of planetary billiards

A team of scientists has found a new planet which orbits the wrong way around its host star. The planet, named WASP-17, and orbiting a star 1000 light years away, was found by the UK's WASP project in collaboration with Geneva Observatory. The discovery, which casts new light on how planetary systems form and evolve, is being announced today (12th August) in a paper submitted to Astrophysical Journal

An artist's impression of a transiting exoplanet
Credit:NASA/Hubble

Since planets form out of the same swirling gas cloud that creates a star, they are expected to orbit in the same direction that the star spins. Graduate students David Anderson, of Keele University, and Amaury Triaud, of Geneva Observatory, were surprised to find that WASP-17 is orbiting the wrong way, making it the first planet known to have a ``retrograde'' orbit. The likely explanation is that WASP-17 was involved in a near collision with another planet early in its history.

WASP-17 appears to have been the victim of a game of planetary billiards, flung into its unusual orbit by a close encounter with a ``big brother'' planet. Professor Coel Hellier, of Keele University, remarks: "Shakespeare said that two planets could no more occupy the same orbit than two kings could rule England; WASP-17 shows that he was right.”

David Anderson added “Newly formed solar systems can be violent places. Our own moon is thought to have been created when a Mars-sized planet collided with the recently formed Earth and threw up a cloud of debris that turned into the moon. A near collision during the early, violent stage of this planetary system could well have caused a gravitational slingshot, flinging WASP-17 into its backwards orbit.”

The first sign that WASP-17 was unusual was its large size. Though it is only half the mass of Jupiter it is bloated to nearly twice Jupiter's size, making it the largest planet known.

Astronomers have long wondered why some extra-solar planets are far bigger than expected, and WASP-17 points to the explanation. Scattered into a highly elliptical, retrograde orbit, it would have been subjected to intense tides. Tidal compression and stretching would have heated the gas-giant planet to its current, hugely bloated extent. "This planet is only as dense as expanded polystyrene, seventy times less dense than the planet we're standing on", notes Prof. Hellier.

Professor Keith Mason, Chief Executive of the Science and Technology Facilities Council, which funded the research, said, “This is a fascinating new find and another triumph for the WASP team. Not only are they locating these far flung and mysterious planets but revealing more about how planetary systems, such as our own Solar System, formed and evolved. The WASP team has proved once again why this project is currently the World's most successful project searching for transiting exoplanets.”

WASP-17 is the 17th new exoplanet (planet outside our solar system) found by the Wide Area Search for Planets (WASP) consortium of UK universities. The WASP team detected the planet using an array of cameras that monitor hundreds of thousands of stars, searching for small dips in their light when a planet transits in front of them. Geneva Observatory then measured the mass of WASP-17, showing that it was the right mass to be a planet. The WASP-South camera array that led to the discovery of WASP-17 is hosted by the South African Astronomical Observatory.

Notes to editors

Artist's impression of two close extra-solar planets.
Credit: KASI/CBNU/ARCSEC.

An artist's impression of a transiting exoplanet.
Credit: ESA C Carreau

An artist's impression of a transiting exoplanet.
Credit: ESA C Carreau

An artist's impression of a transiting exoplanet.
Credit NASA/Hubble

The discovery paper for WASP-17 is available at astro-ph and has been submitted to Astrophysical Journal. A forthcoming paper led by Amaury Triaud confirms the retrograde orbit and studies the orbital dynamics in greater depth.

The WASP Project (Wide Area Search for Planets) is the UK's leading extra-solar planet detection program and includes Keele University, St. Andrews University, Queen's University Belfast, Leicester University, the Open University, and the Isaac Newton Group. WASP collaborates with the Geneva Observatory, Switzerland, who have a world-leading programme of planet discovery using the Coralie and HARPS spectrographs.

Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 1, Act 5, Scene 4:
"Two stars keep not their motion in one sphere, Nor can one England brooke a double reign, Of Harry Percy, and the Prince of Wales."
(The word "stars" referred to planets in the cosmology of Shakespeare's time.)

"Transit": Term for a planet passing in front of its star, blocking a tiny fraction of its light.

"Retrograde": Term for an orbit in the opposite direction to the rotation of the star being orbited. All Solar System planets are in ``prograde'' orbits around our sun, orbiting in the same direction that the sun is spinning. "Extra-solar planet": A planet not in our Solar System, instead orbiting another star.

"Elliptical orbit": While the planets in our solar system have orbits that are close to circular, planet orbits can also trace out long, thin ellipses. "Tidal interactions": Just as our moon pulls the earth's oceans, causing tides, a star's gravity would cause tidal bulges on any planet nearby.

Contacts

• Julia Short
  Press Officer
  STFC
  Tel: +44 (0)1793 442 012
  
   
• Coel Hellier
  Keele University
  Tel: +44 (0)1782 734243
  Mobile: +44 (0)7817 182867
   
• Prof. Didier Queloz
  Geneva Observatory
  Tel: +41 22 379 2477
   
• Prof. Andrew Collier-Cameron
  University of St. Andrews
  Tel:+44-1334-463147
   
• Prof. Don Pollacco
  Queens University Belfast
  Tel:+44 (0)2890 973512
   
• Dr. Richard West
  University of Leicester
  tel: +44 (0)116 252 5206
   

About STFC

Page last updated: 12 August 2009 by Julia Short

PERSEID OUTBURST: Last night, amateur astronomer Chris Peterson witnessed a flurry of bright Perseids streaking over his observatory in Guffey, Colorado. "Here are the 96 brightest recorded by my all-sky camera," he says.

Peterson plotted the frequency of events and found "a clear outburst of meteor activity around 0800 UT on Aug. 12th." That's exactly when NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office said Earth would run into a filament of dust shed by Perseid parent Comet Swift-Tuttle in 1610. Their prediction beautifully matches actual worldwide meteor counts--a demonstration that meteor science has moved into the realm of precision forecasting.

The outburst is over but the meteor shower is still underway. Stray comet dust is hitting Earth's atmosphere at 130,000 mph, producing an drizzle of 50 or more Perseids per hour. If it is dark where you live, be alert for shooting stars.

POSSIBLE PERSEID METEOR OUTBURST: This year's Perseid meteor shower could be even better than usual.  According to NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office, a  filament of comet dust has drifted across Earth's path and when Earth passes through it, sometime between 0800 and 0900 UT (1 - 2 am PDT) on August 12th, the Perseid meteor rate could surge to twice its normal value. 

A time of particular interest is 0800 UT (1 am PDT) on August 12th. That's when Earth is expected to pass through a denser-than-usual filament of dust from the shower's parent Comet Swift-Tuttle. For an hour or so, rates could surge to 200 per hour. Bright moonlight will blot out many of those Perseids, but even a fraction of 200 is a good show. Observing tips may be found in the Science@NASA story "The Perseids are Coming."

UPDATED: 2009 Perseid Photo Gallery
[Previous Perseids: 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2001]

"It was Lacrosse 3," reports photographer John McConnell. "Spaceweather's Simple Satellite Tracker predicted a flyby and there it was."

Lacrosse 3 is a top-secret yet easily observed US National Reconnaissance Office spy satellite. It often attracts attention when sunlight glints brightly from its solar panels, rumored to span 45 meters from tip to tip. The solar arrays power a synthetic aperture radar, which can image Earth's surface with meter-resolution even through clouds. Some web sites claim that the radar can also sense objects underground, but that's just speculation.

"I couldn't mistake Lacrosse 3 because it was so bright," says McConnell. "This is even better than Perseids!"

It should get even better in the nights ahead. Members of the International Meteor Organization are now counting more than 25 Perseids per hour: data. The rate is expected to increase almost 10-fold on the night of August 11th and 12th when Earth passes through a denser-than-usual filament of comet dust crossing Earth's orbit. Oberving tips may be found in the Science@NASA story "The Perseids are Coming."

Earth is inside a solar wind
stream flowing from the indicated
coronal hole.
Credit: STEREO-A Extreme UV Telescope

EARLY PERSEIDS: The Perseid meteor shower is slowly intensifying as Earth plunges deeper in Comet Swift-Tuttle's debris stream. On August 4th, amateur astronomer Thomas Ashcraft caught an early arrival using an all-sky camera at his observatory near Santa Fe, New Mexico. Click on the image to play a movie with sound effects:

The "ping" you just heard was a 61.25 MHz TV signal bouncing off the meteor's ionized tail. Ashcraft keeps an antenna trained on the sky so that he can record the echos and lay them down as soundtracks for his all-sky movies. "I'm sure I'll record many more in the days ahead," he says. "Highlights will be posted here."

According to the International Meteor Organization, about 10 Perseids per hour are now streaking across the night sky: data. This number could increase to as many as 200 per hour when Earth crosses an anticipated filament of comet dust around 0800 UT (1 a.m. PDT) on August 12th. Observing tips and a sky map may be found in the Science@NASA story "The Perseids are Coming."

2009 Perseid Meteor Gallery
[previous Perseids: 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2001]

"Polar winds seem to be carrying the main body of the cloud westward (to the right in the photo)," says Wesley. "Also, a small stream of dark material is being pulled down and in the opposite direction--perhaps around a cyclone or some other localized weather feature?"

Researchers are scrambling to study the cloud before it disperses. Light reflected from the debris may hold clues to the nature of the mystery-impactor. "If the cloud's spectra contain signs of water, that would suggest an icy comet. Otherwise, it's probably a rocky or metallic asteroid," says JPL planetary scientist Glenn Orton. Several teams of professional astronomers are working to obtain the data.

Meanwhile, amateur astronomers can monitor the cloud as it shifts and swirls near Jupiter's System II longitude 210°. For the predicted times when it will cross the planet's central meridian, add 2 hours and 6 minutes to Sky and Telescope's predicted transit times for Jupiter's Great Red Spot. [sky map]

more images: from Raffaello Lena of Rome, Italy; from Glenn Jolly of Gilbert, Arizona, USA; from Wah! of Hong Kong; from William Rison of Newburg, Maryland; from Joel Warren of Amarillo, Texas; from David Kolb of Lawrence, Kansas; from Alphajuno of League City, Texas; from Mariano Ribas of Buenos Aires, Argentina; from Giancarlo Ubaldo Nappi of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

A solar wind stream flowing
from the indicated coronal hole
could reach Earth on or about
 Aug. 7th.
Credit: SOHO Extreme UV Telescope
 

Jupiter Blots Out a Star

S&T illustration

When Friedman took the picture on August 1st, the sun had just entered its 22nd consecutive day of spotlessness--no sunspots for more than three weeks! This is typical of 2009. So far this year, the sun has been blank 77% of the time, confirming the solar minimum of 2008-2009 as a century-class event.

But endless? No. Solar jet streams are beginning to stimulate new-cycle sunspot production--e.g., sunspot 1024 in early July. NOAA forecasters expect solar activity to intensify in late 2009-early 2010 leading to a new solar maximum in 2012-2013. If they're correct, soon, the lonely prominence will be a thing of the past.

"As I saw the satellite fly across the sky," says Staiger, "I clearly got the impression that it became quite bright, that it flared, akin to an Iridium flare, so I was curious to see if the flare would show on the photo--and yes it does."

The flare was probably sunlight glinting from the satellite's solar panels, rumored to span 45 meters from tip to tip. The solar arrays are thought to power a synthetic aperture radar, which can image Earth's surface with meter-resolution even through clouds. Some web sites claim that the radar can also sense objects underground, but that's just speculation.

You can see this top-secret satellite for yourself--and maybe catch a flare as it soars overhead. Check the Simple Satellite Tracker for flyby times.

SPACE DATABASE ON THIS SITE

DREAMS OF THE GREAT EARTHCHANGES - MAIN INDEX